Social Arrangements developed based on oppressive treatment and backed by state power
African Americans received significantly less help from the G.I. Bill than their White counterparts, preventing a generation of Black veterans from getting the education they deserved. 10,000 Black veterans applied for educational benefits under the G.I. Bill in the years following WWII. 4/5 of those were never registered for college.
Source: Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America, 2005.
White-sounding names get 50% more callbacks for interviews than resumes with African American-sounding names.
Source: “State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review 2014,” Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity.
Communities of color were also disproportionately targeted by predatory lenders in the years leading up to the housing crisis.
Source: Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America, 2005.
Despite comparable rates of drug use, possession and sales between Whites and Blacks, African Americans are disproportionately targeted for arrest.
Source: Marc Mauer of the Sentencing Project, Congressional Testimony, 2009.
Claudia Pineda Reyes 